一.變化音記號
把固定的音升高或者降低叫「變化音」，用來表示這種變化的符號叫「變音符號」。
（一）變音符號共有五種：
1、「#」升號
2、「♭」降號
這兩種符號都表明符號後面緊跟著的音要升高半個音，或者降低半個音。
3、「×」重升號
4、「♭♭」重降號
這兩種符號表明緊跟在後面的那個音要升高全音或降低全音。
* 全音是大二度， 半音是小二度。
5、「♮」還原號
用來表示在它後面的那個音不管前面是升高還是降低都要恢復原來的音高。
（二）變化音的位置：變音符號必須對準所要升高或者降低的音。升號和還原號的斜方孔，降號和重降號的孔，重升號的交叉點。
（三）變化音的用途有兩種：調號
一種是寫在譜號後面的，這種變音記號也叫「調號」。
譜例 1：
這表明在這個調（調性以後會講到）裡面標到的音，不管音的高或低，都要固定的升高或者降低。
比如：是 #F #C #G，那麼在這個曲調裡所有的 F、C、G 都要升高半個音。 （如果遇到臨時變音記號以臨時變音記號為準）。
在樂譜中寫在某一個音前面的變音記號叫做「臨時變音記號」，也叫臨時升降號。
譜例 2：
2、這是表明這個音要臨時改變音高。
這種臨時升降號可以管一小節，在一小節之內有同樣音名的音都要服從第一個變化音，也要跟著變化同樣的音高。
它的前面在就不需要有再畫相同的符號。
但是這種臨時升降號只有在同一小節之內有效，這一小節之後就不再起作用了，可以說是「鐵路警察，各管一段」。
3、在寫變音記號時的注意事項：
a) 變音記號可以記在五線譜的「線」上和「間」內。但必須對准後面所要表達的音，才能使後面的音有準確的音高。
b) 升號和還原號都有兩條橫線，這兩條橫線要從左下方向右上方傾斜，並且要比兩條豎線畫得粗一些。
譜例 3：
二.小提琴 14 個調性一把位手型圖
三.小提琴樂譜常見符號
四.強弱記號
pp [意]很弱。 Pianissmo之簡記。
P [意]弱。 Piano之簡記。
mp [意]中弱。 mezzo piano之簡記。
mf [意]中強。 mezzo forte之簡記。
f [意]強。 forte之簡記。
ff [意]很強。 fortissimo之簡記。
sf [意]突強。 sforzando之簡記。記號為“＞” 同rinforzando[意]，縮寫為rinf
fz[意]特強。 forzando之簡記。記號為“＞”
crese [意]漸強。 Cresendo之縮寫。
dim[意]漸弱。 diminuendo之縮寫。
五.速度記號
accel[意]漸快。 accelerando之縮寫。
rit(retard) [意]漸慢。 ritardanto之縮寫。
rall(rallen) [意]漸慢。 rallentando之縮寫
riten [意]突慢ritenuto之縮寫。
atempo [意]原速。恢復到原來速度。
Grave [意]莊板。約40拍/分鐘。
Largo [意]廣板。約46拍/分鐘。
Lento [意]慢板。約52拍/分鐘。
Adagio [意]柔板。約56拍/分鐘。
Andante [意]行板。約66拍/分鐘。
Moderato [意]中板。約88拍/分鐘。
Allegrtto [意]小快板。約108拍/分鐘。
Allegro [意]快板。約132拍/分鐘。
Vivace [意]活板。約160拍/分鐘。
Presto [意]急板。約184拍/分鐘。
Prestissimo [意]最急板。約208拍/分鐘。
六.弓法記號
Bowing[英]弓法。
arco[意]弓奏。
pizz[意]撥奏。
＋ 左手撥弦。
up bow[英]上弓。記號為“∨”
down bow[英]下弓。記號為“∩”
G.Ｂ. [德]全弓。 Ganzer Bogen之簡記。同whole bow[英]
O.H. [德]上半弓。 Obere之簡記。同upper half bow[英]
U.H. [德]下半弓。 Unter halfte之簡記。同lower half bow[英]
M. [德]中弓。 Mitel之簡記。同middle bow[英]au centre [法]
Sp. [德]弓尖。 Spitze之縮寫。同point或tip[英]Punta[意、西]
Fr. [德]弓根。 frosch之縮寫。同nut[英]talon[法]talone[意]
legato [意]連弓。連貫圓滑地。
staccato [意]連頓弓。斷奏。
detache [法]分弓。
martele [法]頓弓。
portato [意]波弓。介於連奏與斷奏之間。
spiccato [意]控控制跳弓。又稱人工跳弓、擊跳弓。
sautille [法]自然跳弓。又稱彈跳弓。同saltato、saltando[意]
staccat volante [意]飛弓。離弦的連頓弓。
ricochet [法]拋弓。一般用下弓和靠弓尖三分之一的部位演奏。
arpeggiando [意]琶音跳弓。用拋弓演奏分散和弦。
trem [意]碎弓。又稱震音。 remolo之縮寫。
七.表情記號
dolce[意]柔和的，甜美的，溫和的。
dolcissm0[意]極其柔和的，甜菜美的。溫和的。
esprssivo[意]有表情的，有表現力的。有時縮寫為espres
largamente[意]寬廣地，莊重地。
largando[意]逐漸變寬廣，通常指漸慢而漸強。
tranquillo[意]寂靜的，安靜的，平靜的。
cantabule[意]如歌唱般抒情、流暢、圓潤。
animato[意]生氣勃勃的、活潑的、活躍的。
maestoso[意]莊嚴的、高貴的、宏偉的。
risoluto[意]果斷的、堅決的。
leggiero[意]輕巧的。
agitato[意]（1）激動的、（2）相當快的。
appassionato[意]熱情地、熱心地、激情地。
scherzando[意]戲謔地、詼諧地。
con fuoco[意]火熱地、熱情地。
marcato[意]強調的，著重的，加重的。同markirt[德]、marquez[法]。
ad lib[意、拉]隨意處理。 ad libitum之縮寫。
assai[意]很、十分、極。
mesto[意]憂鬱的，悲傷的。
Delicate[意]精緻的，纖細的，嬌柔的。
Avipso[意]如歌地，優美地，宛如詠嘆調。
Calmando[意]平靜地。同calme[法]、calm[英]。
energico[意]有力地、果斷地。
ttcon tua[意]用全力，最大限度地。
calore[意]熱烈，熱情，激烈。
calando[意]漸柔和並漸慢。
volante[意]如飛似的，輕捷的，迅疾的。
pesante[意]沉重有力的，有分量的，給人以深刻印象的。
giocoso[意]快樂的，嬉戲的，灰諧的。
amabile[意]可愛的，親切的，和藹的，慈祥的。
religioso[意]虔誠的。
drammatico[意]戲劇性的。
veloce[意]迅速地，敏捷地。同veloita[意]。
posaro[意]穩定地，安祥地。
vigoroso[意]精力充沛的，朝氣蓬勃的，剛健的。
rigorso[意]嚴格的，嚴謹的。主要用於拍子的準確性。
vivo[意、西]富有生機的，充滿活力的。
vivacissimo[意]極其活潑地，生動地；極其活潑的活板。
affettuoso[意]富於感性的，深性的，多情的。
grandioso[意]宏大的，雄偉的，豪壯的。
brio[意]活力，生氣。
brillante[意]輝煌的，炫濯的。
semplice[意]單純的純樸的。
grazioso[意]優美的，雅緻的。
comodo[意、西]舒適的，自在的。
melodioso[意]富於旋律性的、優美的。
八.樂曲類型
major[英]大調的。同maggiore[意]、dur[德]。
minor[英]濁調的。同minore[意]、moll[德]。
melody[英]旋律、曲調。
Op[拉]作品號。 Opus之縮寫。
Tema[意]主題。
Partita[意]組曲。
Variation[英]變奏曲。
var1[英]第一變奏曲。 Variation1的縮寫。
Scherzo[意]諧謔曲。
Fantasia[意、西]幻想曲。
Menuet[法]小步舞曲。
Humoresque[法]幽默曲。
Romance[法]浪漫曲。
Prelude[曲]前奏曲。
Ballad[英]敘事曲。
Rondo[曲]迴旋曲。
Walzer[德]圓舞曲。
Introduction[英]引子。
Tarantlla[意]塔蘭泰拉舞曲。
March[英]進行曲。同Marcia[意]、Marche[法]。
Symphony[英]交響曲。
Sonatina[意]小奏鳴曲。
Impromptu[法]即興曲。
Moto perpeuo[意]無窮動。
Ciaccna[意]恰空舞曲。
Fuga[意]賦格。
Sarabnde[法]薩拉班德舞曲。
Giga[意]吉格舞曲。同Gigue[英]。
Gavotte[法]加沃特舞曲。
Loure[法]路爾舞曲。
Allemande[法]阿列曼德舞曲。
Corrente[意]庫蘭特舞曲。
Polonaise[法]波羅乃茲，波蘭舞曲。
Siciliano[意]西西里舞曲。
Mazurka[波]瑪祖卡舞曲。
Polka[英]波爾卡舞曲。
Serenade[意、英]小夜曲。
Recitative[英]宣敘調，朗誦調。節奏較自由。
Rhapsody[英]狂想曲。
Divertmento[意]嬉遊曲。
九.演奏方法
can sorcdino[意]用弱音器。
senza[意]繼續按以前的表情、力度、弓法、指法演奏。
segue[意]用同樣的手法演奏下去。
restez[意]保留把位。
solo[意]獨奏。
tutti[意]全奏。
gliss[意]滑奏。 glissando之縮寫。
tr[英]顫音。
D． C． [意]從頭再奏至Fine處結束。
rubato[意]伸縮處理。
ten[意]保持音量和時值。 tenuto之縮寫。
sosten[意]綿延。每個音奏足時值。 sostenuto之縮寫。
subito[意]突然地，立即。
semasi[意]一直，保持。
attacca[意]緊接，指相鄰樂章之間不停頓地接著演奏下去。
vibrato[意]揉弦。
sul ponticllo[意]用弓在靠琴碼處演奏；發音薄而清脆。
sud tasto[意]用弓在靠指板處演奏，發音柔和。
ord[意]恢復常規奏法。
harmony[英]和聲。
harmonic[意]泛音。
oct[意]寫在音符上方表示奏高八度。同ottava[意]，簡記為“8va”或“8”。
position[英、法]把位。
fingering[英]指法。
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English version
Change of tone notation
The symbols used to indicate this change are called "change notes".
(a) There are five types of mutation symbols.
1、"#" ascending
2、"♭" descending sign
Both of these symbols indicate that the note immediately following the symbol should be raised or lowered by a semitone.
3、「×」Rise again
4、"♭" descending sign
These two symbols indicate that the note immediately following the symbol should be raised or lowered a whole tone.
* A whole tone is a major second and a semitone is a minor second.
5. "♮" reduction sign
The "♮" restores the original pitch of the note after it, regardless of whether the preceding note is raised or lowered.
(b) Change the position of the note: The change sign must be aligned with the note to be raised or lowered. The hole of the diagonal of the ascending and reducing sign, the hole of the descending and re-descending sign, and the intersection of the re ascending sign.
(c) There are two uses of the altered note: the key signature
One is written at the end of the clef, and is also called the "key.
Example 1.
This indicates that the tones marked in this key (the tonic will be discussed later) are to be raised or lowered in a fixed way, regardless of whether they are high or low.
For example, if the key is #F #C #G, then all the F, C, and G notes in the tune must be raised a half tone. (If there is a temporary change in the notation, the temporary change in the notation shall prevail).
The note that is written in front of a note in the score is called a "temporary change mark", also called a temporary ascender or descender.
Example 2.
2. This indicates a temporary change in pitch for this note.
This type of temporary mark can be used for one measure, and all the tones with the same name in the measure must follow the first pitch change and change their pitch.
There is no need to draw the same symbols in front of it.
However, this temporary symbol is only valid within the same bar, after this bar it no longer works, so you can say that it is "railroad police, each in charge of a section".
3. Points to note when writing the variation marks.
a) You can write the notation on the "line" and in the "interval" of the pentatonic score. However, it must be aligned with the tone to be expressed later in order to give the exact pitch of the subsequent tone.
b) The ascending and reverberating symbols have two horizontal lines, which are slanted from the lower left to the upper right, and are drawn thicker than the two vertical lines.
Example 3.
2.Violin hand diagram in 14 keys and one position
3.Common symbols in violin music
I. Strong and weak notation
pp [meaning] very weak. Shorthand for Pianissmo.
P [meaning] weak. Shorthand for Piano.
mp [meaning] medium-weak. Short note for mezzo piano.
mf [Italian] Medium strong. Short note for mezzo forte.
f [Italian] strong. A short note on forte.
ff [meaning] very strong. Shorthand of fortissimo.
sf [meaning] suddenly strong. Shorthand for sforzando. The notation ">" is the same as rinforzando [meaning], abbreviated as rinf
fz [Italian] extraordinarily strong. Shorthand for forzando. The notation is ">"
crese [meaning] to grow stronger. Abbreviation of Cresendo.
dim [meaning] gradually weaker. The abbreviation of diminuendo.
Speed notation
accel [meaning] to become faster. The abbreviation of accelerando.
rit(retard) [meaning] gradually slow. The abbreviation of ritardanto.
rall(rallen) [meaning] gradually slower. Abbreviation of rallentando
riten [meaning] to abruptly slow down the abbreviation of ritenuto.
atempo [meaning] original speed. Restore to the original speed.
Grave [ie] Shojo. About 40 beats per minute.
Largo [Italian] wide board. About 46 beats/minute.
Lento [Italian] Adagio. Approximately 52 beats/minute.
Adagio [Italian] Adagio. Approx. 56 beats/min.
Andante [Italian] march. Approx. 66 beats/min.
Moderato [Italian] Alto. Approx. 88 beats/min.
Allegrtto [Italian] Allegro. Approx. 108 beats/min.
Allegro [Italian] Allegro. Approx. 132 beats/min.
Vivace [Italian] Allegro. Approx. 160 beats/min.
Presto [Italian] Allegro. Approx. 184 beats/min.
Prestissimo [Italian] most urgent board. Approximately 208 beats/minute.
Bowing notation
Bowing [Eng] bowing.
arco [Italian] bowing.
pizz [Italian] pizzicato.
+ left hand pizzicato.
up bow. The notation is "∨"
down bow. The notation is "∩"
G.B. [German] Full bow. Short form of Ganzer Bogen. Same as whole bow [Eng].
O.H. [German] Upper half bow. Shorthand of Obere. Same as upper half bow [Eng.]
U.H. [German] Lower half bow. Short note on Unter halfte. Same as lower half bow [Eng.]
M. [German] Middle bow. Short note on Mitel. Same as middle bow [E] au centre [F].
Sp. [German] Bow tip. Abbreviation for Spitze. Same as point or tip [E]punta [I, S].
Fr. [De] Bow root. Abbreviation of frosch. Same as nut [Eng] talon [F] talone [Ital]
legato [Italian] to link with a bow. Continuous and smooth.
staccato [lit. Staccato.
detache [F] split bow.
martele [FR] staccato.
portato [Italian] wave bow. Between legato and staccato.
spiccato [Italian] Controlled jumping bow. Also known as artificial jumping bow, percussive jumping bow.
sautille [French] Natural jumping bow. Also known as bouncing bow. Same as saltato, saltando [Italian]
staccat volante [Italian] flying bow. Off-string stringed bow.
ricochet [French] throwing bow. Usually played with the lower bow and against the tip third of the bow.
arpeggiando [Italian] Arpeggiated skipping bow. Dispersed chords played with a throwing bow.
trem [lit. "broken bow"]. Also called tremolo. Abbreviation of remolo.
Expression notation
dolce [meaning] soft, sweet, gentle.
dolcissm0[意]极其柔和的，甜菜美。 gentle.
esprssivo[意]expressive, expressive. Sometimes abbreviated to espres
largamente [meaning] broadly, solemnly.
largando [meaning] to become progressively broader, usually in a slower and stronger sense.
tranquillo[意]寂静的，安静的，平静的。
cantabule [meaning] to sing lyrically, smoothly, mellowly.
animato [meaning] vibrant, lively, active.
maestoso[意]莊嚴的、高貴的、宏大的。
risoluto[意]decisive, resolute.
leggiero[意]輕巧的.
agitato[意]（1）激動的，（2）相當快的。
appassionato[意]passionately, enthusiastically, passionately.
scherzando[意]戲戏地、詼地。
con fuoco[意]火热地、热情地。
marcato[意]意着强调的，重重的，加重的。 Same as markirt[德], marquez[法].
ad lib [Italian, la] to deal with at will. Abbreviation of ad libitum.
assai [Italian] very, very, extremely.
mesto [Italian] melancholy, sad.
Delicate[意]精致的，纤細細的，嬌柔的。
Avipso [meaning] songfully, gracefully, like an aria.
Calmando [Italian] calmly. Same as calme [French], calm [English].
energico [Italian] forcefully, decisively.
ttcon tua [lit.] with all one's might, to the utmost.
calore[意]热烈，热情，激烈。
calando[意]gradually softer and slower.
volante [lit. "like flying"], "light", "swift".
pesante[意]heavy, powerful, weighty, impressive.
giocoso[意]happy, playful, gray.
amabile[意]可愛的，親切的，和藹的，慈祥的。
religioso [meaning] devout.
drammatico [Italian] dramatic.
veloce [lit.] quickly, agilely. Same as veloita [lit.]
posaro [lit.] steadily, peacefully.
vigoroso [meaning] energetic, vigorous, vigorous.
rigorso [meaning] strict, rigorous. Mainly used for the accuracy of the beat.
vivo[Italian, Spanish] Vibrant, energetic.
vivacissimo [Italian] extremely lively, vividly; extremely lively on a live board.
affettuoso[意]富於感性的，深性的，多情的。
grandioso[意]大大的，雄偉的，豪壯的。
brio [Italian] vitality, vitality.
brillante[意]brilliant, dazzling.
semplice [lit.
grazioso[意]优美的，雅緻的。
comodo [Italian, Western] comfortable, at ease.
melodioso [Italian] melodious, beautiful.
V. Types of music
major [Eng] major key. The same as maggiore [Italian], dur [German].
minor [English] turbid. Same as minore [Italian], moll [German].
melody [Eng] melody, tune.
Op [la] Opus. Abbreviation of Opus.
Tema [Italian] theme.
Partita [Italian] Suite.
Variation [Eng] Variation [Eng] Variation.
var1[E] Variation 1. Abbreviation of Variation1.
Scherzo [Italian] Scherzo.
Fantasia [Italian, Spanish] Fantasia.
Menuet [FR] Minuet.
Humoresque [FR] Humorous song.
Romance[FR] Romantic song.
Prelude[曲] Prelude.
Ballad [E] narrative tune.
Rondo[曲] Rondo.
Walzer [German] Round Dance.
Introduction [Eng] Introduction.
Tarantlla [Italian] Tarantella.
March [Eng] March. Same as Marcia [Italian], Marche [French].
Symphony [Eng] Symphony.
Sonatina [Italian] Little Sonata.
Impromptu [FR] improvisation.
Moto perpeuo [Italian] infinite movement.
Ciaccna [Italian] Chaconne.
Fuga [Italian] fugue.
Sarabnde [FR] Sarabande [FR] dance song.
Giga [Italian] Gigue [Italian] dance music. Same as Gigue [Eng].
Gavotte [FR] Gavotte.
Loure [FR] Loure dance.
Allemande [FR] Allemande.
Corrente [Italian] Curante.
Polonaise [FR] Polonaise, Polonaise.
Siciliano [Italian] Sicilian dance.
Mazurka [Po] Mazurka.
Polka [Eng] Polka.
Serenade [Italian, English] Serenade.
Recitative [Eng] Recitative, recitative. Rhythm is more free.
Rhapsody [Eng] Rhapsody.
Divertmento [Italy] playful song.
Sixth, playing method
can sorcdino [Italian] with a weak voice.
senza[意]Continue to play according to the previous expression, strength, bowing and fingering.
segue [meaning] to play on with the same technique.
restez
solo
tutti
gliss Abbreviation of glissando.
tr [Eng] trill.
D. C. [Italian] Play from the beginning to the end of Fine.
rubato
ten [meaning] to maintain volume and timing. The abbreviation of tenuto.
sosten [meaning] to sustain. Each note is played in full time. The abbreviation of sostenuto.
subito [meaning] suddenly, immediately.
semasi [meaning] to keep, to keep.
attacca [lit. to play immediately, to continue without pause between adjacent movements.
vibrato[lit.
sul ponticllo [lit.] to play with the bow against the yard; thin and crisp sounding.
sud tasto [lit.] played with the bow against the fingerboard; soft sounding.
ord [lit] to resume regular playing.
harmony
harmonic overtones.
The oct is written above the note to indicate a higher octave. Same as ottava [Italian], abbreviated as "8va" or "8".
position [E, F] to put in position.
fingering.
