小提琴的學習者在練習與演奏之前，首先要進行的一項非常重要的步驟就是“調弦”，但是小小的調弦卻是一切準確演奏的基礎，你真的會調弦嗎？本期我們就來系統性的了解小提琴的調弦與選弦知識

小提琴該如何調弦？

作為小提琴學習者，我們都知道調弦的重要性，如果弦本身‘不准’‘跑音’，我們是無法進行練習與演奏的。當然看似簡單的調弦實則有大學問，我們來一起看一看關於調弦的一些基本常識。

首先我們來介紹一下小提琴弦的組成。從低到高，四根琴弦分別為G弦（4弦）、D弦（3弦）、A弦（2弦）和E弦（1弦）。它們分別調為：g , d1 , a1 , e2 四個空弦音，它們之間都是五度的關係。而其中的a1音，正是標準音高440Hz（現在也有用444，或443的）。它們的唱名是：sol , re , la , mi 。

 

小提琴是純律樂器，通常的調弦方法是先把第二弦對准：

1.A弦的標準a1音對準。對的時候可以用標準的a1音叉來參比。當然取標準音的方法是很多的，為方便一點可以用常見的口吹標準音管；或者現在用晶體振盪器和集成電路作成的標準音發生器（）用起來非常方便；

 

另外當然也可以用Korg校音儀來校。和鋼琴合奏時可以直接和鋼琴的a1音對準；而在樂隊裡，則是由雙簧管吹出標準a1音來。

 

2.對準A弦的a1後再對D弦的d1，這時兩根弦同時拉響，直到re , la這兩個音完全沒有拍頻為止（也就是完全"純"）。然後利用已經準的D弦的d1來用同樣方法調G弦的g音；

3.最後是用A弦的a1音去對準E弦的e2音。方法都是五度同時拉出，到完全諧和沒有拍頻為止。當然調的過程中，原來的a1會變化，這就要求把這一過程反復多次，直到正確為止。

以上講的是簡單的一面。事情複雜在小提琴用的是純律，別的樂器則可能是平均律樂器。我舉演奏鋼琴小提琴奏鳴曲為例，純律的小提琴要和平均律的鋼琴合奏，而純律的五度比平均律的五度的音程略寬一點。換句話說，平均律的五度是含有拍頻的。這時假如小提琴把a1音和鋼琴調得非常準，兩者完全沒有拍頻，那麼可以設想，e2音會微高一點，d1和g會略低一點，對於聽覺好的演奏家和聽眾來說，是必須考慮修正的。

處理方法很多，我只舉一個例子，這是著名小提琴教師卡爾·弗萊什介紹的彌補方法。他推薦的方法是演奏前把小提琴的最低的G弦和鋼琴完全對準，然後按純律的方法五度調音，調好其他三根弦。這樣，其餘的空弦音比起鋼琴的音高有微量偏高，但在演奏的過程中，小提琴的音高不可能升高，反而可能會有微量降低。

這樣在整個演奏過程中，開始小提琴的音高微高，到結束時音高微低。這樣就在一定程度上補償了兩種律制的差別。當然對於大多數非專業的聽眾來說，這種差距實際上是難於區分的。不過演奏者如能把兩件不同律制樂器合奏時的音準處理好，就一般聽眾來說，會感到演奏的藝術性得到提高。樂隊演奏時，對小提琴來說，也有類似的需要利用人耳的聽覺誤差來彌補不同樂律產生的不同音高問題。

 

小提琴如何選弦呢?

小提琴的日常練習離不開調弦，但是我們都知道小提琴的弦屬於‘耗材’，為了更好地練習我們也需要學會挑選適合的琴弦，那麼面對眼花繚亂的品牌與材質，我們該如何選擇小提琴的琴弦呢，下面是我們整理的‘小提琴選弦指南’

弦原料、緊度與厚度

1.弦原料

腸弦：提琴發明時就是使用羊腸線，幾世紀以來設計完全沒變。比起鋼弦跟合成弦，腸弦的緊度較低，並且在泛音時音色較為豐富與復雜。由於低緊度跟成弦方式，比起其他弦，腸弦較易壓，弦的反應速度也較慢，會比較需要演奏者用弓來調整音色。腸弦也需要時常調音，尤其是在溫度變化劇烈的時候，譬如被強烈舞檯燈照射時。

鋼弦：20鋼世紀起小提琴開始使用鋼弦，並且發明了許多成弦方式與各種材料，最常見的是用鉻鋼（chrome steel）。很快地鋼弦運用廣泛，並特別受到大提琴家的青睞。基本上，鋼弦的反應速度快，能給出十分清晰、集中且清亮的音色，但也不要期待可以從鋼弦裡聽到具有深度與復雜度的聲音。

通常古典樂演奏者不太選擇使用鋼弦，但在其他音樂領域則顛倒。較易壞的樂器也會使用鋼弦，畢竟他是市場上最便宜的弦。

現在小提琴E弦的鋼弦分為三種：純鋼弦、鍍鋼弦與脫氧鋼弦。最早的鋼弦是純鋼弦；近年則出現了許多鍍上其他金屬的鋼弦，像是鍍錫、鍍金、或是鍍白金。鍍金弦會帶來清亮、清晰並純粹的音色，受到很多人喜歡，然而也很快就會失效（隨著鍍金層掉落，有些樂器在從A弦換到空E弦時會發出雜音）；脫氧鋼弦一樣是用鋼作為基本素材，通常使用鉻鋼，比一般鋼弦的聲音少些棱角跟清亮，更加圓潤溫暖，但反應也比較慢。對於認為自己的鋼弦E弦聲音太尖銳的人，或是從A弦換到空E弦時會發出雜音的人來說，這是個好選擇，後者的情況會特別推薦D’Addario生產的「 Kaplan Solutions E」。

合成弦：約40年前，奧地利制弦場Thomastik-Infeld生產了「Dominant strings」，是貝綸（Perlon，尼龍的一種）製造的弦，這種弦獲得空前成功，有些人甚至此弦認為改變了提琴演奏史。合成弦音色聽起來很像腸弦，但音準較為穩定，而且在比較複雜的泛音中能維持較為集中的發聲。過去15年也有許多人嘗試使用其他原料來製造更豐富的音響，因此也被稱為「混合弦」，這些弦的聲音聽起來比較沒那麼像腸弦，但在聲音個性上聽起來較為有趣與細緻。

2.厚度

雖然時常與緊度搞混，厚度，或也可以說是寬度，完全是不同玩意。放鬆的腸弦可以當作解釋的好例子，在與鋼弦、合成弦調製相同音準時，腸弦的厚度需要加大，但他的緊度依然還是低的。演奏者在使用腸弦時，通常需要製琴師幫忙把琴橋弄寬，才足夠放得下厚度較大的腸弦。

在初學時，您有可能在賣店發現有三種不同厚度的弦。若以中等厚度的弦當基準，較薄的弦（有時會被標示為「weich」或「dolce」）會有較低的緊度，聲音較亮且反應較快，但音量也較低；較厚的弦（有時會被標示為「stark」或「forte」）則完全顛倒，呈現出​​較暗的音色，而且反應較慢。

3.緊度

如同前文所說，緊度常與厚度搞混。每一種弦，即便是最便宜的學生用弦，都有三種緊度：輕度、中度、重度。腸弦的緊度平均來說會比鋼弦或合成弦來得低，此點可以從手指的易壓度來感受，腸弦很容易往下壓且能夠感覺到弦的振動。合成弦比腸弦緊度較高，如果想要比較暗且溫暖的音色的話（如Pirastro Evah Pirazza），則要選擇要當中稍微低緊度一點的弦，當然這也有例外（如Thomastik Infeld Blue跟Infeld Red，兩者幾乎有相同的緊度）。鋼弦則是所有弦種類中緊度最高的。

通常在試驗不同的弦時，會選擇中等緊度的弦，有別的需求才會採用其他緊度。有些樂器若用高緊度的弦反而會讓聲音出不來。

弦混合物（String Winding）：近幾年弦製造商提供許多有趣且外來的弦混合物，鋼弦用的尤多，用像是鎢之類比較重的原料做弦混合物，可以提高弦的緊度，而且又比用鋁或銀做的弦栓來的厚度低。

另外，也要注意演奏者的「化學反應」，有些人帶有酸性汗水體質，容易發現他們的鋁混合弦受到腐蝕，露出銹灰色。建議這些人應該改用其他的弦混合物，譬如銀。

「混弦使用」得當否？

最理想狀態，是一把琴的四個弦皆相同，然而事實上大家都會為了追求最好的音色而「混弦」。多半時候大家會在較低音的三弦使用相同種類，然後較高音的則是另一種弦。

如果你是用一把「混弦」的樂器，第一件事就是先去找合格的製琴師做調整，有時只是動個琴橋便能有極大改善。如果想藉由改變弦來找到平衡的話，可以先試著改變各種厚度。另外，Thomastik提供Infeld Red（音色較暗）跟Infeld Blue（音色較亮）的產品，也是希望能讓人做出比較平衡的組合。要謹記如果今天使用不同種的弦，那麼緊度與厚度也都是影響音色平衡的關鍵。

弦的壽命：何時該換弦？

哪種弦的使用壽命較長？雖然價格各有高低，但弦的壽命與價格無關。壽命長短取決於演奏方式以及個人身體可能給弦帶來的「化學反應」，您的汗水與演奏方式會影響弦的使用期限，可能需要幾個月就換一次弦，或什至一年換一次。不管怎樣，切記演奏完後一定要松弦。另外，弦的狀況是漸漸惡化的，速度非常緩慢，有時很難注意到其聲音已經變得無趣與無生氣，要透過換弦才會發現。

弦的選擇相當複雜且多元，讓人不禁想「最好的弦在哪？」答案是其實這世上並不存在著「最好的弦」，而是存在「對你跟樂器來說的最佳弦」，仔細考量你的需求，並好好檢視各種組合吧

 

 

音樂就是思想著的聲音。

Music is the sound of thinking.

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A very important step for violin learners before practicing and playing is "tuning", but small tuning is the basis of all accurate performance. Do you really know how to tune? In this issue, we will systematically understand the knowledge of violin tuning and string selection.

How to tune a violin?

As violin learners, we all know the importance of tuning. If the strings themselves are "inaccurate" and "out of tune", we cannot practice and play. Of course, the seemingly simple tuning is actually a big question. Let's take a look at some basic common sense about tuning.

 

First, let's talk about the composition of the violin strings. From low to high, the four strings are G string (4 string), D string (3 string), A string (2 string) and E string (1 string). They are respectively tuned as: g , d1 , a1 , e2 four open strings, and they are all in the relationship of fifths. And the a1 sound is the standard pitch of 440Hz (now 444, or 443 is also used). Their roll names are: sol , re , la , mi .

The violin is a pure-tempered instrument, and the usual tuning method is to align the second string first:

1. The standard a1 tone of the A string is aligned. When right, you can use a standard a1 tuning fork for reference. Of course, there are many ways to take the standard tone. For convenience, you can use a common standard tone tube for mouth blowing; or the standard tone generator () made of crystal oscillators and integrated circuits is very convenient to use now;

 

In addition, of course, you can also use the Korg tuner to calibrate. When playing with the piano, it can be directly aligned with the a1 sound of the piano; in the band, the standard a1 sound is blown by the oboe.

 

2. Align the a1 of the A string and then the d1 of the D string. At this time, the two strings are played at the same time, until the two notes of re and la have no beat frequency at all (that is, completely "pure"). Then use the d1 of the D string that has been aligned to tune the g note of the G string in the same way;

3. Finally, use the a1 note of the A string to align the e2 note of the E string. The method is to pull out the fifth at the same time, until there is no beat frequency in complete harmony. Of course, in the process of tuning, the original a1 will change, which requires repeating this process many times until it is correct.

The above is the simple side. The complication is that the violin is pure tempered, and other instruments may be equal tempered. I take the piano violin sonata as an example. A pure-tempered violin should be played with a well-tempered piano, and the pure-tempered fifth is slightly wider than the well-tempered fifth. In other words, the equal-tempered fifth contains the beat frequency. At this time, if the violin adjusts the a1 tone and the piano very accurately, and there is no beat frequency at all, then it can be imagined that the e2 tone will be slightly higher, and the d1 and g will be slightly lower. For players and listeners with good hearing, corrections must be considered.

 

There are many ways to deal with it. I will only give one example. This is the compensation method introduced by the famous violin teacher Carl Fleish. The method he recommends is to align the lowest G string of the violin perfectly with the piano before playing and then tune the other three strings according to the pure-tempered method. In this way, the pitch of the rest of the open strings is slightly higher than the pitch of the piano, but in the process of playing, the pitch of the violin cannot be raised but may be slightly lowered.

In this way, the pitch of the violin is slightly higher at the beginning and slightly lower at the end of the whole performance. This compensates for the difference between the two legal systems to a certain extent. Of course, for most non-professional listeners, this gap is practically indistinguishable. However, if the performer can handle the intonation of the ensemble of two different tempered instruments, the general audience will feel that the artistic quality of the performance is improved. When the band is playing, for the violin, there is a similar need to use the auditory error of the human ear to compensate for the different pitch problems caused by different musical temperaments.

 

 

How do you choose strings for a violin?

The daily practice of the violin is inseparable from the tuning, but we all know that the strings of the violin are 'consumables'. In order to practice better, we also need to learn to choose suitable strings, so how should we choose the dazzling brands and materials? What about the strings of the violin? Below is our 'Guide to the Selection of Violin Strings'

String material, tightness, and thickness

String material

1.Gut Strings: Gut strings were used when the violin was invented, and the design has remained unchanged for centuries. Compared with steel and synth strings, gut strings are less tight and have a richer and more complex tone in overtones. Compared with other strings, gut strings are easier to press due to the low tightness and string formation method, and the response speed of the strings is also slower, which requires the player to use a bow to adjust the timbre. Gut strings also need to be tuned from time to time, especially when the temperature changes drastically, such as when exposed to strong stage lights.

2.Steel strings: Since the 20th century, violins have used steel strings, and many methods of string formation and various materials have been invented, the most common being chrome steel. Steel strings soon became widely used and were especially favored by cellists. Basically, steel strings are quick to respond and give a very clear, focused, and clean tone, but don't expect the depth and complexity to be heard from steel strings either.

Steel strings are generally less preferred by classical players, but in other areas of music, it is reversed. More fragile instruments also use steel strings, which are the cheapest strings on the market after all.

Now there are three types of steel strings for violin E strings: pure steel strings, plated steel strings, and deoxidized steel strings. The earliest steel strings were pure steel strings; in recent years, there have been many steel strings plated with other metals, such as tin, gold, or platinum. Gold-plated strings give a clean, clear, and pure tone, which is loved by many, but also fails very quickly (some instruments will rattle when changing from A to an empty E string as the gold plating falls off); Deoxidized steel strings also use steel as the basic material, usually, chrome steel, which is less angular and clearer than ordinary steel strings, more round and warm, but the response is slower. This is a good choice for anyone who thinks their steel E string is too sharp, or for those who are going to make noise when switching from an A string to an empty E string, in which case D'Addario is especially recommended. "Kaplan Solutions E".

3.Synthetic Strings: About 40 years ago, Thomastik-Infeld, the Austrian string maker, produced "Dominant strings", which are strings made of Perlon (a type of nylon), which have achieved unprecedented success, and some people even believe that this string Changed the history of violin playing. Synthetic strings sound a lot like gut strings, but are more stable in tonality and maintain a more focused sound in more complex overtones. There have also been many attempts over the past 15 years to use other materials to create richer sounds, so-called "hybrid strings", these strings sound less gut-like, but sound more interesting in their sonic character. meticulous.

Thickness

Although often confused with tightness, thickness, or width, is a completely different thing. Relaxed gut strings can be used as a good example of explanation. When modulating the same pitch as steel strings and synth strings, the thickness of the gut strings needs to be increased, but its tightness is still low. When players use gut strings, they usually need the help of the luthier to widen the bridge so that they can fit thicker gut strings.

As a beginner, you may find that there are three different thicknesses of strings at the store. Thinner strings (sometimes labeled "weich" or "dolce") will have less tightness, brighter sound, and quicker response, but also lower volume, based on a medium thickness string. Thick strings (sometimes labeled "stark" or "forte") are complete upside down, producing a darker tone and a slower response.

Tightness

As mentioned earlier, tightness is often confused with thickness. Every string, even the cheapest student strings, has three tensions: light, medium, and heavy. Gut strings are on average less tight than steel or synthetic strings. This can be felt from the ease of finger compression. Gut strings are easy to press down and you can feel the vibration of the string. Synth strings are tighter than gut strings, so if you want a darker, warmer tone (like Pirastro Evah Piazza), choose a string that's a little less tight in the middle, although there are exceptions (like Thomastik Infeld Blue and Infeld Red, both have almost the same tightness). Steel strings are the tightest of all string types.

Usually, when experimenting with different strings, one will choose a medium tightness string, and use other tightnesses if there are other needs. Some instruments with high tension strings can cause the sound to not come out.

String Winding: In recent years, string manufacturers have provided many interesting and exotic string mixtures, especially steel strings. Using heavier materials such as tungsten to make string mixtures can increase the tightness of the strings. Also, the thickness is lower than that of bolts made of aluminum or silver.

Also, pay attention to the "chemistry" of the player, some with an acidic sweat constitution, it is easy to see their aluminum hybrid strings corrode, revealing a rust-grey color. It is suggested that these people should switch to other string mixes such as silver.

Is "mixing strings" appropriate?

The ideal state is that all four strings of a piano are the same, but in fact, everyone will "mix strings" in pursuit of the best sound. Most of the time people will use the same kind on the lower third string, and then another string on the higher.

If you are using a "mixed string" instrument, the first thing to do is to find a qualified luthier to make adjustments. Sometimes just moving the bridge can make a huge difference. If you want to find balance by changing the strings, try changing the thickness first. In addition, Thomastik offers Infeld Red (dark tone) and Infeld Blue (bright tone) products, which also hope to make people make a more balanced combination. Keep in mind that if a different kind of string is used today, both tightness and thickness are also critical to the balance of the tone.

String Life: When Should You Change Strings?

Which strings have a longer lifespan? Although the price varies, the life of the string has nothing to do with the price. Lifespan depends on how you play and the "chemical reaction" your body may have on the strings. Your sweat and how you play will affect the life of the strings, which may take a few months, or even once a year. . In any case, remember to loosen the strings after playing. In addition, the condition of the strings is gradually deteriorating, the speed is very slow, and sometimes it is difficult to notice that the sound has become dull and lifeless, and it is only discovered by changing the strings.

The choice of strings is quite complex and diverse, which makes people wonder "where are the best strings?" Strings", carefully consider your needs, and take a good look at the various combinations

 

音樂就是思想著的聲音。

Music is the sound of thinking.