本期逆月音樂為大家整理了超全的初學小提琴的樂理知識，樂理是很多小提琴初學者頭疼又忽視的方面，由於每次上課都會涉及一些碎片化的樂理新知識，所以系統的複習歸納對於初學者就非常困難，對於小提琴的樂理系統也不夠清晰。
所以本期（上）我們也為大家整理了需要學習的目錄。方便對應。
五線譜樂理知識-目錄
（上）
音符
符點音符
復符點音符
共用符尾
多聲部的記譜方法
休止符
（下）
變化音記號
小提琴14個調性一把位手型圖
小提琴樂譜常見符號
強弱記號
速度記號
弓法記號
表情記號
1.音符
（一） 全音符
這個空心的白色音符叫「全音符」。
它是音符家族的老大哥，其他音符的時值都比它短，而且要以它為準，依次分為兩半。
（二） 二分音符
這個長著身子（學名叫符幹）的白色音符叫「二分音符」。
它只有全音符的一半長，它等於全音符 1/2 的時值。
譜例 4：
（三） 四分音符
這個黑臉的音符叫「四分音符」。
它比二分音符又小一半，它等於全音符 1/4 的時值。
譜例 5：
（四）八分音符
這個黑臉的音符長出了尾巴，它叫「八分音符」。
它比四分音符還小一半，它等於全音符 1/8 的時值。
譜例 6：
（五）十六分音符
這個黑臉的音符長著兩條尾巴，它叫「十六分音符」。
它比八分音符還要小一半，它等於全音符 1/16 的時值。
譜例 7：
（六）三十二分音符
這個有著三個尾巴的音符叫「三十二分音符」。
它比十六分音符又少一半，它等於全音符 1/32 的時值。
（七）六十四分音符
長著四個尾巴的黑色音符名叫「六十四分音符」。
它是「三十二分音符」的一半，它等於全音符 1/64 的時值。
譜例 9：
2.符點音符
在音符這個大家族裡，還有一些旁系親屬，例如符點音符。
它只是一個圓圓的小點點，附屬在音符後面的，所以叫「符點」。而帶附點的音符呢，就叫「符點音符」。
譜例 1：
符點的主要作用是讓樂譜更為簡化，讓大家讀譜時更加方便。
請不要小看這個小小的圓點，它的音值有它前面那個一本正經的音符一半的長短。不管它前面的那個音符有多大，這個小小的符點都具有同樣的作用，它很歷害的。比如：前面的是個四分音符，當這個四分音符唱一拍時，那麼這個帶了符點的四分符點音符就要唱一拍半；如果前面是個全音符。當這個全音符唱四拍的時候，這個全符點音符就要唱六拍，以此類推。譜例 2：
3.复符點音符
复符點音符一般來說用的不是很多。
如果由於樂曲的需要，所唱音的音值比符點音符還要長怎麼辦呢？這時候复符點就派上用場了。
那麼怎麼表示呢？
很簡單，就是在符點的後面再帶上一個小兵，也就是在符點後面再加上一個符點，這種記法稱為複符點。
標有復符點的這個音符也就叫复符點音符。
這種複符點的算法是這樣的：前面一個圓點是表示增加了音符一半的時值，而第二個符點（也就是後面一個圓點）則表示它要增加前一個符點一半的時值。
這樣兩個圓點加起來的總時值，是音符原有時值的四分之三。
譜例 1：
4.共用符尾
在抄寫音符時經常會有一組一組的音形出現，這裡面會有各種組合。
在這種情況下它們可以共用一個符尾，這樣便於視譜，另外也可以省去很多不必要的麻煩。
譜例 1：
譜面上這種畫法的共同的符尾，也叫做「符槓」。
一般這種畫法的符槓，他們的符幹的方向通常是以距離第三線最遠的那個音符為標準，並且要畫得比符幹粗一些。
5.多聲部的記譜方法
多聲部的記譜方法主要是要看他們的節奏型。
在節奏性相同的時候，可以用一個符幹來共同表示。
譜例 1：
如果不同的高、低聲部要同時標寫在一行譜上而節奏不相同時就不能用共用「符幹」來表示。
應該各自使用自己的符幹，只是上聲部的符幹要朝上，而下聲部的符幹要朝下，這時就不以第三線為界線了。
譜例 2：
6.休止符
在樂譜上表示樂音休止的符號叫做「休止符」。
休止符是音符的剋星，只要看到休止符的所到之處，音符都要不同程度的消失，樂音保持靜默的狀態，這就是休止符的作用。
但是有一點一定要說明：
在音樂進行當中的休止符通常是有著特殊意境的，音樂並沒有中斷。
可謂是「此時無聲勝有聲」。
切切不可把標有休止符的地方當作萬事大吉，休止符也是音樂的一部分，只不過是用休止符來表示一種情緒而已。
各種音符都有相應的休止符號，它們與相對應的音符的音值是一樣長短的。
譜例 1：
還有一種休止符是表示整小節的休止。 （完全小節休止）它們適用於各種拍子。
譜例 2：
注：完全小節譜號後標的是幾拍，在小節內就存在幾拍（包括休止符在內）這叫完全小節。
不完全小節在譜號後標拍子，而小節內不夠那麼多拍，這種小節叫不完全小節，而不完全小節一般是用做起拍。
譜例 3：
兩個以上的全小節休止符是這樣記的：
譜例 4：
請看 10 小節以上休止的標記。
譜例 5：
帶符點的休止符 帶符點的休止符並不常用，但是我們也要認識它。
譜例 6：
休止符的符點，只有三十二分休止符和六十四休止符的符點要畫在第四間裡，其他休止符的符點要記在第三間裡。
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Englishi version
Staff music theory knowledge
(1) Whole note
This hollow white note is called a "whole note".
It is the eldest brother of the note family, other notes are shorter than it, and they are divided into two halves in turn.
(2) half note
(3) quarter notes
This black face note is called a "quarter note".
It's half as small as a half note, and it's equal to 1/4 of a whole note.
Example 5:
(4) Eighth note
This black-faced note has a tail, and it's called an "eighth note."
It's less than half a quarter note, and it's equal to 1/8 of a whole note.
Example 6:
(5) Sixteenth note
The black-faced note with two tails is called the "sixteenth note".
It's half as small as an eighth note, and it's equal to 1/16 of a whole note.
Example 7:
(6) Thirty-second note
This note with three tails is called the "thirty-second note".
It's half as short as a sixteenth note, and it's equal to 1/32 the duration of a whole note.
(7) Sixty-fourth note
The black note with four tails is called the "sixty-fourth note".
It is half of a "thirtieth note", which is equal to 1/64 of a whole note.
Example 9:
2.dotted note
In the big family of notes, there are also some collateral relatives, such as the dotted note.
It's just a small round dot attached to the back of the note, so it's called a "symbol". The notes with dots are called "dotted notes".
Example 1:
The main function of punctuation is to simplify the score and make it easier for everyone to read the score.
Please don't underestimate this little dot, its pitch is half the length of the serious note in front of it. No matter how big the note in front of it is, this little dot has the same effect, it's very harmful. For example: the preceding is a quarter note, when the quarter note is sung for one beat, then the dotted quarter note is sung for one and a half beats; if the preceding is a whole note. When the whole note is sung in four beats, the whole dotted note is sung in six beats, and so on. Example 2:
3.double punctuation
Double punctuation is generally not used much.
What if, due to the needs of the composition, the pitch value of the sung note is longer than the dotted note? This is where the punctuation point comes in handy.
So how do you express it?
It is very simple, that is, bring a soldier behind the symbol, that is, add a symbol after the symbol. This notation is called a complex symbol.
The note marked with a doubling point is also called a doubling point note.
The algorithm for this complex point is as follows: the first dot means that the duration of the note is increased by half, and the second symbol (that is, the next dot) means that it is to increase the value of the previous one by half. time value.
The total duration of the two dots added together is three-quarters of the original duration of the note.
Example 1:
4.common symbol
When transcribing notes, there are often groups of sound shapes, and there are various combinations.
In this case, they can share a hook, which is convenient for viewing the spectrum, and also saves a lot of unnecessary trouble.
Example 1:
The common hook of this drawing method on the score is also called "beam".
Generally, for beams drawn in this way, the direction of their stems is usually based on the note farthest from the third line, and they should be drawn thicker than the stems.
5.Multi-voice notation
The notation method of multi-voice mainly depends on their rhythmic pattern.
When the rhythm is the same, a symbol stem can be used to express it together.
Example 1:
If different high and low parts are to be marked on a line of staff at the same time but the rhythm is not the same, they cannot be represented by a common "stem".
They should each use their own stems, except that the stems of the upper voice should face up, and the stems of the lower voice should face downwards. At this time, the third line is not used as the boundary.
Example 2:
6.pause
The symbol on the score that indicates the rest of the music is called a "rest".
Rests are the nemesis of notes. As long as you see where the rests go, the notes will disappear to varying degrees, and the music will remain silent. This is the role of the rests.
But one thing must be noted:
The rests in the middle of the music usually have a special mood, and the music is not interrupted.
It can be said that "silence is better than sound at this time".
Never take the place marked with a rest as if everything is fine, rests are part of the music, they are just used to express a mood.
Various notes have corresponding rest symbols, which are the same length as the corresponding note value.
There is also a rest that expresses the rest of the whole measure. (full bar rest) They work with a variety of beats.
Example 2:
Note: The number of beats after the clef of a complete bar is marked, and there are several beats (including rests) within a bar, which is called a complete bar.
An incomplete measure is marked with the tempo after the clef, and there are not enough beats in the measure. This kind of measure is called an incomplete measure, and an incomplete measure is generally used as the starting beat.
Example 3:
More than two full-bar rests are noted like this:
Example 4:
See the markers for breaks above 10 bars.
Example 5:
Dotted rests Dotted rests are not commonly used, but we also need to recognize them.
Example 6:
For the rests, only the thirty-two rests and the sixty-four rests should be drawn in the fourth room, and the rests of other rests should be recorded in the third room.
